PMC

The three panels in a–f indicate the position of the electron wave packet, the charge density and the spin density in the QPC device. Colour bars beneath the panels correspond to scales of charge density between 0 and 2×10⁻³, and spin density between −2×10⁻³ and +2×10⁻³. (a) Initial state of the wave packet moving in the +x direction. (b) After a time evolution of (V_h is the hopping energy for electrons), the wave packet is positioned just before the narrowest constriction in the QPC potential. (c) After a time evolution of , the wave packet is transmitted through the narrowest constriction. (d) Initial state of the wave packet moving in the −x direction. (e) After a time evolution of . (f) After a time evolution of .

A typical measurement of the charge packet movement in LDPE samples. The applied field is 30 kV/mm.

Charge packet transfer diagram of the conventional electronic IMC method based on TDI mode. (a) Charge packet transfer diagram at T₀(0); (b) charge packet transfer diagram at t; and (c) charge packet transfer diagram at T₁(w/v).

Convergence of the criteria through iterations of a single key node adjustment. The criteria correspond to the sum of the absolute position differences of the charge packet between each simulation and measurement values. After a few iterations, the criterion reaches its minimum.